Hi Michael, Thanks for your thorough reply.
I think parts of these definitions are open to interpretation, and I think you would agree that words like “offend” in one of your definitions are too broad, since must political opinions offend someone.
Let's review:
The Cambridge Dictionary says:
"...expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation".
And the Oxford English Dictionary's definition uses the phrase:
"...attacks or threatens a particular group of people, especially on the basis of race, religion or sexual orientation."
The word "offend" is included in only one of the three definitions I posted.
...Merriam-Webster
:
"...insult, offend, or intimidate a person because of some trait (as race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or disability)"
So, yeah, I suppose if you zero in on the weakest term of the seven (expresses hate, encourages violence, attack, threatens, insult, offend, intimidate), you could argue that it's broad.
But I don't agree that it's because most political opinions offend someone. Because that's suggesting that encouraging violence, attacking, threatening, insulting, offending and intimidating people based on their race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin or disability is a political opinion. Nonsense. It's bigotry and hatred, even when expressed by a politician.
If a candidate, party or that party's supporters want to defend that as "political opinion", that says a lot about that candidate, party or party's supporters.
I do want to correct one of your statements that only West Virginia voters elected former KKK leader and Senator Robert Byrd. Byrd. He was elected by other Democrats as the Democratic Senate leader for 12 years from 1977-1989. These senators represented the National Democratic Party of that era. His tenure as Democratic leader preceded his 2001 racist comments on Fox.
Well, let's look at Byrd's leadership role (which he wouldn't have had if West Virginia voters hadn't elected him to the Senate in 1958---in part because his opponent voted for the 1957 Civil Rights Act---and re-elected him in '64 and '70.
Byrd's first move toward leadership was running for Senate Majority Whip in 1971. Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts was elected in January of 1969. Six months later, the Chappaquiddick incident happened and Byrd, observing the damage the incident did to a possible Kennedy campaign for president in 1972, saw an opportunity to move up. He moved stealthily, doing favors over time for other Senators, and then threw his hat in the ring.
While Kennedy's electoral chances nationally were in pretty bad shape, very few people took Byrd's Whip challenge seriously.
Byrd beat Kennedy by seven votes. The New York Times, in an explainer piece the day after the election, said:
"Robert C. Byrd, the junior Senator from West Virginia, is so dimly perceived by some of his colleagues that four of the folded paper ballots came out spelled “Bird.”.....Robert Byrd was able to garner votes in part because no one saw him as a rival for party leadership."
Important to note, though----while 381,745 West Virginians voted to send Robert Byrd to the Senate in 1958, a total of 31 Senate Democrats voted for Byrd for Whip.
The next rung up the ladder was Senate Majority Leader. He had a strong challenger in former Vice-President Hubert Humphrey, who had returned to the Senate, representing his home state of Minnesota. Humphrey was the likely successor to Mike Mansfield. But Humphrey was diagnosed with terminal cancer late in the contest---too late to whip up a plausible new candidate. Humphrey withdrew and implored his colleagues to vote for Byrd unanimously.
That's 61 Democrats who voted for Byrd, maximum (exact vote totals for congressional party leadership positions are proving difficult to find, and there could have been abstentions or absences).
Did they re-elect him as Whip in '73 and '75 and as Leader in '79, '81, '83, '85 and '87? Yes. But let's remember that those positions are about power and retaining it. It's tough to eject someone from either of those positions, barring a scandal like Chappaquiddick.
Should previous membership in the KKK have counted as a scandal? In my book, yes. But Byrd had said his membership was a mistake of his youth as early as the 1950s, and had renounced segregation and said he regretted voting against the '64 Civil Rights Act by 1970. In the United States Senate of the 1970s, which had members representing 15 former slave states, Robert Byrd may have looked like a poster child for reform---at least to some Senate Democrats.
Was it plausible to Democrats nationally? No. Byrd was one of the early candidates for the Democratic nomination for President in 1976. He won one state---his own. The only other name in the West Virginia Democratic primary that year was George Wallace. Byrd beat him 89% to 10%. He got less than 1% of the vote in Georgia and Florida and dropped out.
So I'd argue that Byrd's run in Senate leadership is more about the peculiarities of the Senate than about the views and principles of the Democratic Party.
And I'd suggest that Senate Democrats in 1977 could not have envisioned Robert Byrd saying the N-word on FOX News...or FOX News, for that matter...in 2001.
I also respectfully disagree that Joe Manchin votes as a conservative having been a key vote in passing a recent law that few if any Republicans supported. But compared to AOC or Chuck Schumer, Manchin is conservative for a Democrat.
Let's remember what exactly I said:
"...if you doubt West Virginia's conservative lean, despite electing a Democrat to the Senate, consult Joe Manchin's voting record."
One vote on one bill isn't an indicator of whether a Senator is liberal or conservative. And Joe Manchin is not just "conservative compared to AOC or Chuck Schumer". There is literally no Democrat in the Senate who has voted against the current administration more than Joe Manchin:
FiveThirtyEight: Manchin voting record
And that's a matter of what I said in my original quote---West Virginia's conservative lean. Republicans make up 68.9% of registered voters in the state. Democrats? 38.2%. Manchin has to vote conservative if he wants to stay in office---he won his last election by only three percentage points.
I thank you not only for your time in answering my questions but in your excellent scoops and radio information on this radio site.
That's really nice of you. Thanks!