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FCC & Radio Ownership Limits

Why has no commercial broadcaster tried that strategy?

K-Love is non-commercial, and therefore doesn't need local sales revenue. The main reason stations do local formats is to attract local sales revenue.

It's also very expensive to own & operate radio stations in every market in the country. K-Love does it with no local offices or studios. They also are non-profit, so they don't pay taxes.

It's possible that if the FCC loosens ownership limits, we might see companies try national formats. That's the kind of scale only available by Sirius or the digital music services.
 
I really don't understand the argument about revenue being split. Is the problem broadcasters are trying to solve local or national revenue? If national, why hasn't one of the following happened?
They are trying to solve both.
1. The scenario I laid out earlier in this thread.
2. Many of the larger companies selling off a lot of their stations and pulling an EMF, only focusing on one or two national formats getting nationwide coverage.
No group comes close to the national coverage of "national stations" in the rest of the free world. In those cases, every area of a country, whether relatively rural, suburban or metropolitan has a signal of local quality and uses the un-implemented feature of FM that allows you to drive "all over" an your car radio finds the best signal all by itself.
Love them or hate them, EMF has built out K-Love to be a pretty comprehensive network.
They come the closest, but they still do not cover a significant portion of the USA.
There are only a few places in this country not in range of a K-Love over the air signal. Why has no commercial broadcaster tried that strategy?
When it could be done, which was when it was implemented in the rest of the world, the US had the 7/7/7 owner rule. Nobody is going to invest in that today, when you can stream the same "station" everywhere?
If the issue is local revenue, radio still seems to be king here.
No, it is not. All the local businesses first spend on those apps that find you restaurants or stores or services. Then they may buy less targeted radio stations. Back in the day, radio was second place to the Yellow Pages (big monthly fees) and shoppers and direct mail.
With ad targeting, I would think it would be relatively easy for a local business to buy ads that get pushed to listeners within a specific geographic area on services like Spotify or others. Maybe it's happening more with music, but I'm not hearing it with podcasts. I get the occasional local spot on a podcast, but the vast majority of ads I get on podcasts are national ads that tell listeners to go to a website or use a promo code that is tied to a specific show.
The local direct accounts (remember, in each city Walmart or CVS or Lowes is a "local business".) first buy those web apps as if they don't their competitor goes to the top of the choices for "Chinese restaurants" or "shoe stores selling Addidas".
 
K-Love is non-commercial, and therefore doesn't need local sales revenue. The main reason stations do local formats is to attract local sales revenue.

It's also very expensive to own & operate radio stations in every market in the country. K-Love does it with no local offices or studios. They also are non-profit, so they don't pay taxes.

It's possible that if the FCC loosens ownership limits, we might see companies try national formats. That's the kind of scale only available by Sirius or the digital music services.
To cover, let's say, 95% of the continental US population with at least a 65 dbu signal, I am guessing it would take somewhere around 800 to 900 stations. That means Sheridan Wyoming as well as Seattle Washington.

I took one state, Ohio, and calculated how many full class B stations you'd need and then projected to the whole US mainland, compensating for Class C's greater coverage. I kept coming up with that number of stations based on square miles in each state and coverage of each station in a projection (not taking into account the uneven distribution of good signals, which makes it worse).
 
To cover, let's say, 95% of the continental US population with at least a 65 dbu signal, I am guessing it would take somewhere around 800 to 900 stations. That means Sheridan Wyoming as well as Seattle Washington.

That assumes one station per town, which is not efficient for radio operations. iHeart owns 860 stations, but they typically own 4-5 stations per town.
 
That assumes one station per town, which is not efficient for radio operations. iHeart owns 860 stations, but they typically own 4-5 stations per town.
And that is my point. To "own" several national formats, it would take two or three thousand good FM signals.

iHeart has a bunch of AMs, which would be useless for a national music format. And they have some Class A FMs which would contribute much less. Were they to put the same format on an FM in every market they own stations in, they would cover less only just over a quarter of the Nielsen rated markets and essentially none of the unrated counties.

iHeart would reach a higher percentage of the U.S. population as their stations are in the biggest markets, but they would not have a true "national station" in the model of Europe and other areas of the world.

Interestingly, in the countries with "national" FM stations (called "stations" and not networks as they all broadcast the same thing) the percentage of ad revenues going to radio is considerably higher than in the U.S.
 
They are trying to solve both.

No group comes close to the national coverage of "national stations" in the rest of the free world. In those cases, every area of a country, whether relatively rural, suburban or metropolitan has a signal of local quality and uses the un-implemented feature of FM that allows you to drive "all over" an your car radio finds the best signal all by itself.

They come the closest, but they still do not cover a significant portion of the USA.

When it could be done, which was when it was implemented in the rest of the world, the US had the 7/7/7 owner rule. Nobody is going to invest in that today, when you can stream the same "station" everywhere?

No, it is not. All the local businesses first spend on those apps that find you restaurants or stores or services. Then they may buy less targeted radio stations. Back in the day, radio was second place to the Yellow Pages (big monthly fees) and shoppers and direct mail.

The local direct accounts (remember, in each city Walmart or CVS or Lowes is a "local business".) first buy those web apps as if they don't their competitor goes to the top of the choices for "Chinese restaurants" or "shoe stores selling Addidas".
When put that way it makes a bit more sense. I was thinking of purely audio advertising. I listen to a half dozen or so podcasts a week, and very rarely hear local spots on those, while I hear many local spots on my local radio stations. In a smaller market, the percentage of local is much higher. In some markets, I don't hear anything national.
I even said that there are still a few gaps in EMF's coverage. The biggest one I can think of semi-local to me is La Grande/Baker City OR, but it's clear that the strategy is full national coverage. Contrast that to some of the big commercial groups, which just want more of the local pie. If the problem is as much national revenue as it is local, how is having 14 stations in Portland, 13 in Seattle, or 13 in NYC going to help you when you still have 0 in Kansas City?
 
This is just a hypothetical musing, but based on what mi amigo David just said, what if there was a waiver given to one of the major multimarket operators on the ownership limits, expressly for the purpose of acquiring stations to cover areas where they have no coverage, with the explicit provision that said acquisitions could be used only to create a Europe-like national station, and if the experiment failed, they would be mandated to sell the stations acquired for same?
 
And that is my point. To "own" several national formats, it would take two or three thousand good FM signals.

As I've said previously, iHeart also owns a national syndicator, Premiere, so they can get commercials aired on stations they own. However, unlike Cumulus, who owns Westwood One, they don't syndicate any national 24/7 formats that I'm aware of. Just individual shows, such as AT40 or Bobby Bones. iHeart could get in the 24/7 format business, since they air 24/7 formats on iHeartRadio.
 
This is just a hypothetical musing, but based on what mi amigo David just said, what if there was a waiver given to one of the major multimarket operators on the ownership limits, expressly for the purpose of acquiring stations to cover areas where they have no coverage, with the explicit provision that said acquisitions could be used only to create a Europe-like national station, and if the experiment failed, they would be mandated to sell the stations acquired for same?
Over 25 years ago I was hired by Kluge's Metromedia to do a research study to decide on buying a group of 5 national stations in Chile.

We did all our perceptual research in Santiago, but the stations each had dozens of full power transmitters up and down the 3,900 mile nations from Arica to Punta Arenas. Each station was fully national. The transmitters all "simulcast" the network 24/7 like K-love in the U.S. At that time, none could originate programming anywhere except in Santiago as none had local offices in other cities.

In Santiago, the hosts on the different formats did not talk about anything local in that huge city.

There were plenty of "just Santiago" or just the Santiago region stations. They did vastly less well in ratings and revenue. Advertisers liked "one buy for the whole nation" concept as it was less time and paperwork consuming.
 
As I've said previously, iHeart also owns a national syndicator, Premiere, so they can get commercials aired on stations they own. However, unlike Cumulus, who owns Westwood One, they don't syndicate any national 24/7 formats that I'm aware of. Just individual shows, such as AT40 or Bobby Bones. iHeart could get in the 24/7 format business, since they air 24/7 formats on iHeartRadio.
And that does not get the same demographic profile, consistent scheduling and other benefits of a full national "station" that is the same everywhere.

The difference that the U.S. has that most other nations with national stations don't worry about is our 4 distinct mainland time zones (ignoring for the moment AK and HI). That is more of a programming issue than a sales one, though.
 
So you're saying that the TV networks are also not national? The only way to be national is to own stations?
We were discussing radio. The TV networks are national for most of their offerings, but that does not cover the full day anywhere.
 
This is just a hypothetical musing, but based on what mi amigo David just said, what if there was a waiver given to one of the major multimarket operators on the ownership limits, expressly for the purpose of acquiring stations to cover areas where they have no coverage, with the explicit provision that said acquisitions could be used only to create a Europe-like national station, and if the experiment failed, they would be mandated to sell the stations acquired for same?
My argument has been and continues to be that the existing rules don't need to be changed for that. The big companies have chosen not to get into certain markets. Going on 20 years ago now, iHeart pulled out of several small and medium markets. With a few exceptions, they can get back into all those markets.
 
The difference that the U.S. has that most other nations with national stations don't worry about is our 4 distinct mainland time zones (ignoring for the moment AK and HI). That is more of a programming issue than a sales one, though.

That was a problem for stations out here who carried the earliest of the Satellite Music Network formats. I remember that their gold-based format had Jim Zippo in morning drive, and he was heavy on the personality compared to the other dayparts. The problem was that here in California he was on from 3:00 to 7:00am, and the affiliate in Oxnard-Ventura (CA) had to record and playback his earlier hours same morning.
 
Most local clusters of whatever group can't even make 5 FMs rate decent or carry their own weight in sales. Or even 3. How the hell are they going to make x more stations function? Especially when they can't fully staff the stations they have for (insert latest reason here.)

More stations are not going to solve that problem. It's going to exacerbate it. To disgusting new depths. Which is an accurate description of legislation which at best, will give the board a last chance to unload before flying the terrestrial radio coop. It's going to be 1996-2001 all over again. Great for the shareholders and the boys in the boardrooms. Not so much if you were anybody else.

Yes, a handful of people got rich. But that's not much of a selling point these days.

And suddenly the newly overleveraged radio companies will have to eventually scale back even further (like having AI programmed, announced stations. And when it gets to that stage, what's the point of humans listening when it's all computers talking? Think about that.)

This, all this, right here, is why I don't support any further lifting of ownership caps. iHeart, Audacy, etc. can barely make the best with what they've got. More stations aren't going to help. Have we learned at all from the disaster of the Telecommunications Act of 1996?

I just don't feel good about selling out this medium any further.
 
Most local clusters of whatever group can't even make 5 FMs rate decent or carry their own weight in sales. Or even 3. How the hell are they going to make x more stations function? Especially when they can't fully staff the stations they have for (insert latest reason here.)
That is not true. I base that on data from a few years back when I still had access to the BIA computer service.

Yes, some stations in a cluster have higher ratings and some have less. But at the sales level, stations are usually sold in groups of two or more stations to give advertisers greater reach in the market. So if you have one station that is #3, one that is #4, one at #6, one at #7 and one at #11 in a client's target demographics, you combine the stations that deliver that demo the best... so the #4 station plus #7 and #11 may be an unbeatable combo in reaching what the client wants.
More stations are not going to solve that problem. It's going to exacerbate it. To disgusting new depths.
No, having more with discernibly different formats allows an owner to effectively sell against new media.
Which is an accurate description of legislation which at best, will give the board a last chance to unload before flying the terrestrial radio coop. It's going to be 1996-2001 all over again. Great for the shareholders and the boys in the boardrooms. Not so much if you were anybody else.
At current prices, most sales, even after required asset adjustments, will result in a loss to the seller. Note that accounting principles requires assets to be "written down" if their value has declined below what was paid for them; that write-down is not a in the bigger picture a "tax saving" as it goes directly against profits and earnings per share... and that affects share value.
Yes, a handful of people got rich. But that's not much of a selling point these days.
Nobody is getting rich selling a station today. In many cases, the seller has loans that exceed the market value of the station(s) and they end up declaring bankruptcy.
And suddenly the newly overleveraged radio companies will have to eventually scale back even further (like having AI programmed, announced stations. And when it gets to that stage, what's the point of humans listening when it's all computers talking? Think about that.)
At the prices stations go for today, most have the ability to be profitable enough to pay any loans. I was taught that I should always borrow money if the profits of an acquisition would bring a greater ROI than the cost of the money needed to buy or build it.
This, all this, right here, is why I don't support any further lifting of ownership caps. iHeart, Audacy, etc. can barely make the best with what they've got. More stations aren't going to help. Have we learned at all from the disaster of the Telecommunications Act of 1996?
That was not a disaster until the 2008 "perfect storm" of a near-depression, the introduction of the PPM and the debut of the smartphone. Before that, radio was doing beautifully. Example: the 3 FM and one AM cluster I was with in LA was projecting reaching $100 million in gross billings... by 2012 it was around $50 million and today it is well below that.
I just don't feel good about selling out this medium any further.
The "medium" is "audio" and not "radio". The competition is not other stations with different owners, it is streams and podcasts and and any other audio source that sells ads. Radio is the smaller part of that, and getting smaller. Further consolidation could give the needed critical mass to sell against the "new media" options.
 
But must radio companies own every station in order to have a national format? Can't they have affiliation contracts?
I suppose they could, if each station carries the national format totally and then "rents" out the signal to the originator. But when you get into local avails, regional avails, national avails you have all kinds of timing and flow issues.
 
That was a problem for stations out here who carried the earliest of the Satellite Music Network formats. I remember that their gold-based format had Jim Zippo in morning drive, and he was heavy on the personality compared to the other dayparts. The problem was that here in California he was on from 3:00 to 7:00am, and the affiliate in Oxnard-Ventura (CA) had to record and playback his earlier hours same morning.
I am supposing (or saying what I would do) that each format could have an Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific feed with only the Eastern one being live and original. The rest would be done like the Dick Clark / Seacrest New Years Rockin' Eve show which is done that way.

Obviously, you'd have to have some kind of staff on hand to cover the kinds of news stories even a music station would want to break format for. But that is just a preparation and planning issue, not an execution one.
 
I suppose they could, if each station carries the national format totally and then "rents" out the signal to the originator. But when you get into local avails, regional avails, national avails you have all kinds of timing and flow issues.

Timing and flow isn't a function of ownership. During covid, Audacy attempted national formats with its country and alternative stations and had timing and flow problems because they lacked the national infrastructure to do it properly. On the other hand, Westwood One's Storq automation system handles all of that without any issues. Local Radio Networks basically copied Storq for it's 24/7 system.

Companies such as TranStar and Satellite Music Networks were able to deliver 24/7 national formats in the 1980s without any timing or flow issues. They were tracked by Arbitron;s RADAR system for national sales.
 


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