w9sun said:
For some odd reason, 1560 WCNW comes in on 650, so I've never been able to get WSM. Some faraway stations I've gotten during the day are 760 WJR and 800 CKLW.
Let me see if I can explain this bit of radio theory why 1560 comes in on 650. It's pretty technical but it has to do with the construction of your radio and the electronics theory behind it. There is a 910 khz factor in radio electronics that causes this. This I know by listening to the Radio Taipei International station ouf of Taiwan. They broadcast at 5950 khz in the evenings but I often hear the station at 5040 KHZ in the evenings or thereabouts due to my radio not have adequate suppression of adjacent signals. Has something to do with IF but I am not a master at electronics, yet, knock on wood. Hope this helps and I will try to find a good explanation for it. I need to do my homework, haha.
Most of the amplifier and demodulator circuits in your radio are always tuned to the same frequency, to wit 455KHz. By not having to tune them, it's a lot easier to provide enough selectivity (to separate stations) and to keep gain consistent. (so that stations on 1530 don't sound much, much louder than those on 700)
Of course, the station you want to listen to isn't actually broadcasting on 455. So your radio has to have a "frequency converter" circuit to convert the frequency of the station you choose to listen to to the magic 455 figure. This converter consists of a "local oscillator" which generates a "dead air" signal, and a "mixer" which mixes the dead air signal with the signal from the desired station.
Let's imagine the desired station is WSM 650. You adjust the dial on your radio to read 650 - the local oscillator is adjusted to generate that dead air on 1105. [1] Two signals go into the mixer -- WSM 650 and the dead air on 1105. Four signals come out: the two you put in, their sum (1105+650=1755KHz); and their difference. (1105-650=455KHz) The rest of your radio picks this 455KHz signal out of the mess, amplifies it, and sends it to the speakers. This 455KHz signal is known as the "Intermediate Frequency", or "IF".
Now, let's imagine there's also a powerful station WCNW on 1560. This signal gets into the mixer, along with the dead air. Again, you get four outputs: the two inputs on 1105 and 1560; their sum (1105+1560=2665KHz); and their difference. (1105-1560=455KHz [2])
The IF amplifier circuits in your radio can't tell whether a 455KHz signal results from the desired 1105-650 difference, or from the undesried 1105-1560 difference. It'll play them both.
A good radio employs a "presector" to get rid of as much "signal that isn't 650" as possible when the dial is set to 650. Even then, the preselector isn't perfect; some WCNW will still get through. But most AM radios aren't "good", they tend to skimp badly in this circuit.
The magic 910KHz figure is twice the intermediate frequency. 455 is by far the most common value but 450 is also fairly common (which results in a magic number of 900) I also see 460 and on occasion, 262.5. Also, for FM the frequency is usually 10.7 which makes the magic number 21.4. Since this is greater than the width of the FM band, you won't hear this kind of interference on FM.
[1] in fact, if you grab another radio and tune it to 1105, you might be able to hear that dead air signal.
[2] yes, it's actually -455KHz. But there's no such thing as negative frequency. Instead, the phase of the 455KHz difference signal is flipped. Neither you nor your radio can tell the difference.