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Music Library Size: How small is too small (especially in small markets)

Lots of what we know is simply what we have observed and the result of what we observed. There often is no reference point and frequently no universal or long-term observation. With that said, I want to bring up music library size but not from the larger side but the smaller side.



I have three observations. All are in small markets. One was an older fellow that hosted a daily program of 3 hours aimed at older demographics. He had once leased an FM in Los Angeles in the 1950s and utilized the same philosophy as he had back then.



His format was best described as a mostly standards mix ranging from hand selected big band through pop hits (ironically Hey Jude by The Beatles). The music was all well known and performed by the musicians that had the ‘hit’ version. We can call this an easy listening format.



His music library was tiny, 204 minutes in all, with each hour reflecting about 52 minutes of music. Thus, a daily 3 hour show was 156 of this 204 minute library.



The program aired 9 to Noon weekdays and was always sold out at a price over and above other dayparts. In this heavily populated retirement aged area, there was never a complaint about hearing almost every song he played each and every day.



I grilled him on his criteria for selection. He said he looks at the uniqueness of the music, it’s evergreen popularity and as he put it, ‘burn-free’. He said people love these songs and never tire of hearing them. He sure seemed to be right.



The second was a local small town station. This would have been in the early to middle 1980s. This station, per the DJ on duty, complained he played the same songs every day, or almost every day during his 6 hour shift. It seems the station had somewhere near 7 hours of music. From seeing their program log, the station played about 48 minutes of music hourly. The station seemed to do pretty well with about a dozen spots an hour.



The songs were all big hits from the past few years (at least 1975 forward but most in the past 5 years). These were all mega hits and almost all are still staples on classic rock and classic hits formats. The emphasis was on artists that would appeal to the rock, top 40 and adult contemporary audiences although not every song was that universal. Example might be Don’t Stop by Fleetwood Mac, Margaritaville by Jimmy Buffet and Down Under by Men At Work.



There were no slow songs like most AC stations and there was no straight out rock. It was simply an adult mix. They had about 2 or 3 current hits but there was no specific rotation on these.



The station manager said the station was owned by a fellow that had 5 other stations and that this was sort of the black sheep of the bunch. He said the station at least broke even or turned a bit of cash.



The station manager, also the sole salesperson, said he never got complaints about playing the same songs over and over. The local folks seemed to be quite happy with their station.



Bob Rule at KPIN in Pinedale, Wyoming used an old computer with not much storage. He said liners, commercials and music library could not exceed 12 hours. He said he had 50 songs in rotation in one instance but I also noted 100 songs. By Bob’s formula, the station was to be 50% country, 50% pop/rock. So, Running On Empty by Jackson Brown would be played about every 9 or 10 hours.



This is a tough one to determine. He had people complain about the limited music library. It seems there was no complaint about the songs played but how frequently they were played. I call this one tough because the prior two stations gave lots of thought about the library trying to find the greatest consensus while with KPIN, it seemed more of what they had on hand versus what research went in to the library. It was obvious it was not to be too rock or too soft.



With all of this said, I’d love to hear comments on what is too small for a music library and whether a library this size should be rotated out with fresh selections, say, paying attention to the time of year the song peaked on the charts (ie: a mega hit from Spring gets played in spring but not so much, and maybe not at all in the other seasons).
 
One of my locals, KFCY (part of a larger group of stations under the KRKY brand) seems to have 200 to 250 songs on hand at a time, and a frequent listener will eventually hear the same ones pop up every 15 or so hours. It is officially a Variety station, that strives to be 50% country (from any decade) and 50% classic Hits (1960s-1980s). Since it will play country from any decade, the station is occasionally reloaded with the newest hits. However, they have an interesting strategy for Classic Hits. They will sneak 1 or 2 more songs onto the list every week or so. Even still, the selection can feel repetitive after a while.

Contrast this with, per se, KRRR or KIGN. They both have big vaults on hand (or so they say) for their classic rock. Notably, they also source most of their shows out to a national provider. (KIGN relays "Ultimate Classic Rock Nights", and KRRR relays the "Tom Kit and Mike Show". You can imagine my surprise when Tom appeared on a Rapid City station. What? I thought he was local?) This way, they have access to about 500 to 750 songs on average. This increases the chances that the listeners might hear something they haven't before, while staying familiar.

I think radio-stations should have a contingency plan, and maybe backup 1000 songs onto the cloud. It's a lot easier these days.
 
A station playing hits can go really small. The smallest playlist I heard was a San Antonio station during the 'Hot Hits' days (KSJL). They played only the hottest hits, repeating every 70 to a maximum 80 minutes. In the last quarter hour, they had a recurrent which was a custom mix of 3 or 4 big recurrents playing only a portion of each in the medley. They usually had 2 recurrents and I'm guessing about 17 currents. You could almost set your watch by the rotation. If you heard Oh Sherry by Steve Perry at 10:00am it would come up again at 11:10 and 12:20. The 80 minute rotation seemed restricted to drive times when news/weather/traffic aired every 30 minutes and maybe a few more commercials. So, a top 40 playing a total of about 20 songs with new a recurrent medley each week on average.
 
I actually worked a country small market that had changed hands. The former staff virtually cleaned out the station. We had about 110 singles and 2 or 3 greatest hits albums. Not all were country. This was 1980 and there was Dan Fogelberg, Jimmy Buffet, Fleetwood Mac and a couple of others in the stack of singles. One of the albums was James Taylor's Greatest Hits. Our Sunday afternoon high schooler would keep us in the top 10 country hits according to the posted survey at a record store in San Angelo when her family went shopping every couple of weeks. Stuff repeated a bunch but everybody seemed okay with what we played. A few wanted just hardcore country but not many. This was a town 40 miles from the nearest station in the next town and plainly put, once you hit the middle of nowhere, it's only a few more miles into nothingness. There was no thought given the music mix but the total sum of the remaining music library except for about 5 'religious' albums by older country artists we were to play 6 to 6:30am and Sunday morning. All 5 of those albums were pretty scratchy (one was David Houston) and playing the same LPs over and over was pretty darn boring especially since we barely had any commercials and had to simulcast the next town over's signal to run network news because we couldn't afford the long distance charges for the line (this was 40+ years ago)
 
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If you're truly rollin' the hits, then less than 100...
Rotation is a combination of format and competition.

A CHR in a larger market may have close to the old "top 40", expanded today to include some recurrents. In a smaller market with fewer competitors, the format may go back further to some recent gold and be more dependent on recurrents to slow down rotations so the station bridges the CHR/Hot AC spectrum.

That is just one example, but in competitive situations, lists may be tighter. Where there are fewer options, formats may be broader.

In larger markets, the size of the list is determined by how many songs pass an acceptable level in music testing. Rotations are based on the number of songs that test at different scores, but always based on the total number of songs that passed.
 
I suppose I am surprised most by the small music libraries mainly because in the small market there tend to be more all day listeners in those stations that cater to their community and/or county. Generally there are fewer radio choices as well. In a major market with plentiful choices, a tiny library can work because the time spent listening per listening session is generally about 20 minutes. In some small markets where a station chooses to be local and is the only choice for local information, there are many all day listeners. These small libraries were in places where the station was the only local station paying attention to the area. It rather surprised me these stations were successful with only a few hours of music for a library.

I would like some comments on the smallest you'd go.
 
Rotation is a combination of format and competition.

That is just one example, but in competitive situations, lists may be tighter. Where there are fewer options, formats may be broader.
I suspect that 80% of a big city's population already has their preferred frequencies, and the stations fight over the "middle-ground", people who might be new or is looking for something else. In that case, the stations would want to keep the list tight so that a potential customer hears that favorite song and is hooked. Right?
 
I suppose I am surprised most by the small music libraries mainly because in the small market there tend to be more all day listeners in those stations that cater to their community and/or county. Generally there are fewer radio choices as well.
One consideration in markets with lots of close competitors is that songs can have "market burn" due to too many stations all playing a particular song frequently. With the average PPM market listener using 5 different stations in a 7-day period, that can make some songs get very crispy.

Smaller market, less overlap, less burn, ability to play a deeper library with less intense rotations.

However, no matter what the market size, ranging from as small as Tallahassee to as big as NYC and LA that I have researched, each format has a fairly well defined number of songs that are acceptable for airplay. If, in a smaller market a broader library exceeds the number of songs that folks still want to hear, listenership will suffer.

There is a fairly axiomatic saying among programmers that "you never lose by playing fewer songs than your competitor". I had one case of a classic rock station playing around 500 songs and getting over a 20 share; a competitor came on with nearly 1,800 songs. A year later, they never got to a 2 share and left the format.

You can't be hurt by what you don't play.
 
I suppose I am surprised most by the small music libraries mainly because in the small market there tend to be more all day listeners in those stations that cater to their community and/or county. Generally there are fewer radio choices as well. In a major market with plentiful choices, a tiny library can work because the time spent listening per listening session is generally about 20 minutes. In some small markets where a station chooses to be local and is the only choice for local information, there are many all day listeners. These small libraries were in places where the station was the only local station paying attention to the area. It rather surprised me these stations were successful with only a few hours of music for a library.

I would like some comments on the smallest you'd go.
If I ran a station in my city of 65,000, it would have a minimum of 200-300 songs. In Denver (pop of 724k), I would say 100, and in a place like Newcastle, WY (pop of 2.5kw), at least 350.
 
I suppose I am surprised most by the small music libraries mainly because in the small market there tend to be more all day listeners in those stations that cater to their community and/or county. <...> These small libraries were in places where the station was the only local station paying attention to the area. It rather surprised me these stations were successful with only a few hours of music for a library.

I would like some comments on the smallest you'd go.
"The simplest explanation is usually the best one".

Generally speaking, small-town America has less opportunities to develop a wider choice of familiarity to music, no matter what genre it happens to be.

If station owners are simple-minded enough to NOT mess with success, then those ~200 song playlists remain, until their audience dies off. Which they will. So will the owner.

Of course, there is some theoretical lower limit on what a station (thru the listeners, owners, and advertisers) can get away with.

I think if I was allowed to, I might try some Two for Tuesday at Two (pm) sort of thing - play one song in your current library, followed by a song by same artist that also charted. Gauge listener interest...move on with life if it's not working out.
 
"The simplest explanation is usually the best one".

Generally speaking, small-town America has less opportunities to develop a wider choice of familiarity to music, no matter what genre it happens to be.

If station owners are simple-minded enough to NOT mess with success, then those ~200 song playlists remain, until their audience dies off. Which they will. So will the owner.

Of course, there is some theoretical lower limit on what a station (thru the listeners, owners, and advertisers) can get away with.

I think if I was allowed to, I might try some Two for Tuesday at Two (pm) sort of thing - play one song in your current library, followed by a song by same artist that also charted. Gauge listener interest...move on with life if it's not working out.
Several stations have a "Back to Back" package on the weekends where they will choose an artist, and do two songs in a row by them. For example, KQMT Denver has done Aerosmith, Journey, and Genesis b-2-b. They play the two songs, and then return to a normal schedule.
 
When I programmed, (mostly AC or Hot AC), I used a double safe list. Or put another way your recurrent and gold would come in and out on a 2-3 week cycle. Found that prevented title fatigue and tune out.
 
Funny how WSOC Charlotte bills itself as Carolina's New Country - and they have a heavy Top-40 country rotation making them #2 in the market.... but you will hear the Bon Jovi/Jen Nettles "Can't Go Home" from 2005 at least twice a week in the afternoon drive time. Must be the PD's favorite song of all time (or his wife's?)
 
I'm late to this thread, but...my take, having programmed in one of the smallest towns to have an AM station at the time (Bishop, California, population 3,500):

Almost nobody's listening all day. Don't tell the guy with the three-hour show and three and a half hours of music, but almost nobody's even listening to the whole show. Actually, he probably knew and that's how he got away with it. Depending on how skilled he was at rotating his songs, people probably only heard them once a week. And he's right---if they love them enough, they won't mind.

When I programmed in Bishop, KIBS was literally the only station in town---the next station was 120 miles away, and it was another 1kw high-on-the-dial AM that had maybe 30 miles worth of range. And even when we were the only signal on the air, people found other things to do with their time besides listen to us all day.

Today, of course, there are very few small towns with only one signal. Bishop has four listenable commercial signals and five non-commercial.

Playing the right songs too often will never hurt you the way playing the wrong songs too often will. Or not playing the right songs often enough (common request line conversation back in the day: "How come you never play (name of song)?" "I played it 20 minutes ago. I'm playing it three times tonight!" "Well, how come you never play it when I'm listening?").
 
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