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San Diego and Tijuana DX to Los Angeles

Does anybody know why the Los Angeles basin is so prone to receiving FM/VHF DX particularly from the San Diego and Tijuana region, and seldom anywhere else?

I remember discovering this phenomenon as a kid in the late 1980s when I would occasionally see all the San Diego VHF television stations miraculously booming in on old mechanical rotary tuning knob television sets when my family still owned them -- the kind that didn't allow you to skip over channels while tuning up/down. Never did I see anything appear from the north (Santa Barbara/Ventura). And only weak DX reception would appear from the east (e.g. KVCR-24 would go from "absolutely no signal" to "audio plus a barely-syncing picture"). But that was it. In terms of the big DX signals, those always came only from San Diego/Tijuana.

Anyway, in recent weeks, while using my new DX-286, I noticed XHITZ appearing on 90.3 FM almost every evening. But last night, XHITZ was coming in so well, I decided to do a full FM band scan. The result, using only the DX-286's telescoping antenna, was impressive:

Code:
FREQ  CALL dBu/dB  LOCATION
87.7  [1]   36/46  (SPANISH; RELIGION)
87.9  [1]   19/40  (INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC)
88.3  KUCR  12/42  RIVERSIDE
89.1  KUOR  14/43  REDLANDS
89.5  KPBS  22/45  SAN DIEGO
89.7  KSGN  12/42  RIVERSIDE
90.1  KLRD  23/45  SAN BERNARDINO
90.3  XHITZ 15/42  TIJUANA
91.1  KETRA 27/46  TIJUANA
91.7  [2]   15/43  (SPANISH; MAYBE XHGLX-FM?)
91.9  KVCR  15/43  SAN BERNARDINO
92.5  XHRM  16/49  TIJUANA
94.1  KMYI  23/45  SAN DIEGO
94.3  [2]   10/40  (SPANISH)
94.9  KBZT  20/46  SAN DIEGO
96.5  KYXY  23/44  SAN DIEGO
98.1  KXSN  11/42  SAN DIEGO
99.3  XHOCL  9/40  TIJUANA
99.7  XHTY  10/42  TIJUANA
101.5 KGB   11/42  SAN DIEGO
102.9 KLQV  17/40  SAN DIEGO
103.1 KDLE  21/46  NEWPORT BEACH
106.3 KALI  13/43  SANTA ANA

[1] = Don't know how to identify these or their locations
[2] = No radio-locator.com-listed stations' streams matched the audio, presuming these are undatabased X-stations


It seems like there is almost a waveguide-like conduit from San Diego and Tijuana that runs up the coast and dumps out on top of my location -- with some added contributions from points directly east of me, just as was my experience in the late 1980s with the VHF TV band. (Every other station I found during my repeated scans of the dial last night were locals that radio-locator.com showed covered my location in the San Gabriel valley.)

The interesting thing about these catches was that their signals sometimes rapidly faded in and out, much faster than AM skywave fade occurs. Holding the radio perfectly still, some seemed to fade from full strength to nothing in only 1-2 seconds before coming back, as if some sort of inversion layer turbulence might have been causing very rapid changes to their reflection vectors for brief periods. Most of the time, though, each signal's strength was stable and changed only slowly.

I'm not certain whether this is e-skip or tropospheric ducting -- San Diego and Tijuana are only about 120-130 miles from me and that seems quite short for either. But based on the current weather and the time of year, I'm assuming tropospheric propagation.
 
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Its the path over water.... and its tropo ducting at that distance.. eskip is much longer
 
Its the path over water.... and its tropo ducting at that distance.. eskip is much longer

And that was a big factor in the original 1952 allocations table for television.

The table that was "frozen" in 1945 had no channels assigned to Santa Barbara and there was no agreement in place with Mexico for allocations along the border. San Diego had 3, 6, 8 and 10 allocated at that time.

The initially proposed table that year reallocated 6 to Mexico and still had no allocation for Santa Barbara. Then, inexplicably, 6 was assigned to Santa Barbara in the 1948 proposal and San Diego got 3 back.

1949: San Diego lost 10 and added 14 and 16. Santa Barbara assigned 24 and 36.

The 1951 revision had S.D. with 3, 8 and 10 (with 3 reserved for "educational") and S.B. got 20 and 26. This was also when the FCC engineers finally got the UHF "taboo" mileage separations worked out so there were many changes due to that.

By this time, 6 was allocated to Tijuana by international agreement. There was a lot of support for Santa Barbara to get a VHF allocation so 3 was moved there and 15 was added as the educational allocation in San Diego. 6 ended up in San Luis Obispo, farther north, to meet the mileage separation from Tijuana. The tropo was considered one of the determining factors, in addition to the mileage separation.

The same logic applied in 1963 when KFRE-TV in Fresno finally moved to channel 30 to deintermix that market; although there were requests made to have 12 reallocated to Ventura, both the mileage from Tijuana (which also had channel 12 allocated) and tropo nixed the idea. So it ended up in Santa Maria.
 
If you look at a map of the Southern California coast line, it curves in. It's a direct line over water between Los Angeles and San Diego-Tijuana. No obstructions. So it's not hard if you are near the water in LA, Orange County or Ventura County to pick up the FM and TV signals from SD-TJ.

And it wasn't long ago that Tijuana's two 50,000 watt stations, 690 and 1090, broadcast in English, for Los Angeles listeners. AM doesn't use line of sight. But those signals, along with 950, easily came in on car radios around Los Angeles.

I remember when XETRA 690 was a Top 40 station. And because it was licensed to Mexico, it didn't have to do newscasts, even in morning drive. It was all music all day, apart from commercials. (That's not a big deal today, but then, most Top 40 stations HAD to run 10 minutes of news each hour in morning drive to fulfill its news commitment.) When XETRA ran a contest, it told listeners to send a post card to "The Mighty 690, Box 690, Southern California, 92102" or something like that. It was trying to make everyone in Los Angeles or San Diego think 690 was a local station for them.
 
I'm not certain whether this is e-skip or tropospheric ducting -- San Diego and Tijuana are only about 120-130 miles from me and that seems quite short for either. But based on the current weather and the time of year, I'm assuming tropospheric propagation.
Remember when 740 was on Catalina Island with studios in LA...

The station had a microwave studio to transmitter link. They had to have a system where there were several microwave antennas on one of the AM towers on the island in a diversity reception setup designed, IIRC, by Mosely. The antennas were spaced about 100 feet apart going up the tower, and the system picked the one with the best signall.

Because of inversion layers and ducting effects, the best signal at the site could move around many time in a single day.

I am guessing that if you had gone up on your roof and compared, you would have found the same good/bad reversals over time.
 
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If you look at a map of the Southern California coast line, it curves in. It's a direct line over water between Los Angeles and San Diego-Tijuana. No obstructions. So it's not hard if you are near the water in LA, Orange County or Ventura County to pick up the FM and TV signals from SD-TJ.

And it wasn't long ago that Tijuana's two 50,000 watt stations, 690 and 1090, broadcast in English, for Los Angeles listeners. AM doesn't use line of sight. But those signals, along with 950, easily came in on car radios around Los Angeles.

I remember when XETRA 690 was a Top 40 station. And because it was licensed to Mexico, it didn't have to do newscasts, even in morning drive. It was all music all day, apart from commercials. (That's not a big deal today, but then, most Top 40 stations HAD to run 10 minutes of news each hour in morning drive to fulfill its news commitment.) When XETRA ran a contest, it told listeners to send a post card to "The Mighty 690, Box 690, Southern California, 92102" or something like that. It was trying to make everyone in Los Angeles or San Diego think 690 was a local station for them.

And 690/1090 were sports stations for the longest time. XETRA would carry LA teams. Mostly serving San Diego area, but LA as well.
 
Thanks for the fantastic responses everyone.

Incidentally, what about San Diego? Does the propagation work as well in the opposite direction, giving them stunningly clean and strong reception of L.A.?

And what about Santa Barbara? There looks to be a direct enough path between Santa Barbara's coastal location and the coastal edge of the Los Angeles basin -- Point Vicente, for example. But is reception of Santa Barbara a common event around this time of year for the people living further inland, like in the downtown Los Angeles area or perhaps even further inland? I remember road trips up and down Highway 1 decades ago where stations like KRTH and KBIG started peeking through the static starting around Santa Barbara. But those were most likely their fringe footprints I was entering, rather than tropo ducting. The reason I ask if Santa Barbara makes it inland into downtown L.A. is because of this:

@Gregg, how high do obstructions have to be to interfere with ducting, anyway? You mention water, but the thing is, I'm nowhere near the coast. Find the San Gabriel valley on Google Maps. Somehow, my reception of the San Diego stations can be as strong and as clean as if I were at the beach! I was listening to full scale, dead quieting, 100% stereo reception of several stations again here, including 92.5, 94.1, and 101.5, just last night. Literally indistinguishable from locals.

@DavidEduardo, speaking of changes based on elevation, one of the curious characteristics I'm noting with the San Diego stations here in the valley is that moving my receiver, sometimes by as little as mere feet, can completely knock out my reception of them. This applies indoors as well as outdoors. It's almost as if the signals from those stations are reaching my location in the way sunlight reaches the ground through a thick tree canopy -- with lots of small, bright, sunlit spots landlocked by shade. I don't believe the cause is atmospheric, because those hot spots don't shift about in the short or even long terms. "The" spot to hear KXYX ten days ago on my property, for example, will be "the" spot to hear it again tonight, and every night between. This gives me the impression I may be receiving primarily RF reflections. (I'm in a community of almost all one-story homes and businesses, so there isn't a house of mirrors effect being created by a forest of skyscrapers here, or anything like that. My only guess as to what the "reflector" might be is the highly uneven southern face of the San Gabriel mountain range.) Backing up this suspicion -- that I'm receiving primarily reflections -- is that the San Diego stations simply vanish when my receiver is moved, rather than remaining present but becoming distorted. In other words, multipath is when direct and reflected RF arrive out of phase and cause first stereo and then mono demodulation distortion. In my case, when these San Diego stations reach their time-of-day signal strength peaks (first mono full quieting and then stereo full quieting), moving my receiver around does not cause it to shrift between undistorted and distorted reception (a la multipath), but between undistorted reception and no reception at all (0 dB on the meter). It is almost as if these stations' signals exist in this location as "shafts" or "beams," like light through a shattered prism -- or like reflections off a highly irregular surface. So strange!
 
"The" spot to hear KXYX ten days ago on my property, for example, will be "the" spot to hear it again tonight, and every night between.

KYXY, not KXYX.

Actually, if you use the stylized version they have used for a few decades now:
KYXY_KyXy_96.5_logo.jpg
 
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