I was on the earliest PPM evaluation committees, starting in 2002, including those for both the Philadelphia and the Houston tests and I began to see the differences in TSL very early on.One has to wonder what Howard Stern's numbers would have fared under the PPM methodology. IIrc, the fellow left OTA radio before the PPM's started.
I noticed, first, that TSL for all stations was reduced considerably. this was due to the minute by minute precision of the PPM. People write full hours or half hours in diaries for the most part; in PPM "6 to 9 AM" in a diary will be several separate instances with a total of maybe 5 quarter hours... or less. So between rounding and interruptions, the PPM showed much lower per-person TSL.
Then I noted that some formats had listeners who did not write them down in the diary. It was not the most memorable station, not the favorite one. In the PPM they showed up.
But polarizing shows and niche formats suffered. Smooth Jazz had no listeners beyond a small core, so in PPM it suffered as it had no "secondary listeners". So with shorter than diary level listening, and no secondary listeners, the format "tanked". Big time.
Similarly, in many markets the Spanish language stations fell quite dramatically as they did not have phantom cume since they only could be used by a fraction of the population of each market and they were significantly impacted by the fact that Hispanics tend to, culturally, round to hours more than half hours and quarter hours and minutes. So an "hour" in the diary might only be a single quarter hour in PPM.
Moving to morning shows and we have a double whammy: shorter real time spent listening along with no phantom or secondary cume. Shows that were as polarized as Stern in the test markets fell by half or better.
My calculations, based on those observations, were that in NYC and LA, Stern would have had trouble being in the top 10. No phantom cume, and much less TSL.
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