With regard to the WGY signal getting into Utica-Rome: During my drive back to Buffalo from Albany last month, listening to the stock radio in my car, the signal was strong until about Herkimer
My car radio has a solid FM section with good receptivity and selectivity. The AM section isn't bad, but the receiving antenna is imbedded in th car's windshield, so there's a certain directionality to it, or so it seems. Traveling westbound, it would appear that the car antenna was perpendicular to the WGY antenna.
Every time I drive by that classic
WGY tower in Schenectady, it occurs to me that it should be a lot taller for 810 kHz. Maybe it's a tuned quarter wave, I'm not sure.
You'd think GE, having built and owned the legendary station, would have installed a 5/8 wavelength antenna. Using the formula, 585 / Frequency in MegaHertz, or 585 / .810, a 5/8 wavelength stick for 810 kHz would be about 722 feet!
A half wavelength would be about 577 feet and a quarter wavelength would be approximately 288.8 feet. If my calculations are anywhere near correct, the WGY stick looks to be a quarter wavelength.
I can't remember or find the formula for converting electrical degrees to feet (or meters) so if anybody has the formula, the exact height of the WGY antenna can be known just by referencing the WGY page linked above to the FCC website.
As to 810 WGY's poor reception in Utica, it may be that Utica is at point where the WGY skyway and groundwave meet at nearly the same time, resulting in a cancellation effect, or minimizing effect.
A similar effect occurs with 50kW, 1180 WHAM Rochester getting into Buffalo and WWKB getting into Rochester. You'd think they would be very strong, being 50kW signals and the proximity of Buffalo and Rochester, but the signal strength for both stations is nothing more than average.