One prominent antenna manufacturer/consultant once put it very succinctly, “it’s not so much the transmit antenna or receive antenna, but the stuff in the middle”. That said, I’ll have to disagree with the concept that the issue is with any of the transmission systems that have been mentioned in this thread. All of these stations are top-notch well engineered operations. I can tell you from firsthand experience, if there is a problem with the antenna system (for which the ground system is fifty-percent) you know about it immediately due to the constant and redundant antenna monitoring that is incorporated into every transmitter today as well as other on-site antenna test resources. I can tell you with 99% certainty that these facilities are operating at or near the same antenna efficiency they had when most of them assumed their current dial positions in 1941.
Now, I will also say that we yet don’t know everything about the nature of the various propagation medium, be it sky wave or ground wave.
We do know that the ambient noise level, manmade and natural, is at an all time high, having quadrupled over the past decade. Look around your house, florescent light bulbs, computer monitors, triac light dimmers, computers even if they are in your refrigerator or stove. Low voltage lighting, alarm systems, cell phone chargers, other switching power supplies. It can even originate in your neighbors home if you are fed from the same power service transformer and dirty power is another issue by itself.
Mixer stages in radios can translate out-of-band high-level signals into the radio that can wipe out select frequencies. Soil conductivity varies dramatically from season to season and gradually over longer periods and cycles 10, 50, 100 years and longer. We are now in the bottom of the deepest sun spot cycle on record. Varying geomagnetic properties and conditions can suppress sky wave propagation on one frequency and have no impact on another just a few kilocycles away. And the fact remains; there are a whole lot more radio stations on the air now than it was forty years ago. It takes a relatively small, even imperceptible signal to completely degrade another.
I know of one day-time only station in Alabama that leaves the unmodulated carrier on all night much to the detriment of the Class A station.
All makes for a very challenging hobby doesn’t it?